- Delete everything before conj. "that"; delete the unnecessary conj. "that".
- Cover naked "this, these", e.g., this + WHAT?
- No double adj., e.g., very novel => novel.
- Use phd level words instead of high school level ones, e.g., use => utilize, several => diverse, use transitive verbs, e.g., look at => observe.
- Rethink hyphen connected phrase, e.g., intra-firm trade => intrafirm trade.
- Show off your vocabulary, use different words, e.g., wellfare weights = value-weighted index.
- Assign a name to all lonely Greek letters, e.g., ... the elasticity of subsitution, theta, ...
- To many "assume", use it carefully when you mean it, save it for things really modify the real world.
- Use "where" for place, "in which" for model.
- Why some words are in an emphasis format?
- Do not use parentheses too often, e.g., when there is excess demand (supply), oil price went up (down) => blah blah, and vice versa.
- Check very sentence: do they have all the basic elements? subject + verb + object.
- Avoid contractions, e.g., won't => will not, isn't => is not, don't => do not.
- Use formal/simple negative forms, e.g., not ... any => no, not ... much/many => little/few, not different => similar, not notice => overlook.
- Replace long phrase with short one, break long sentences into short ones, e.g., in order to/for the purpose of => to, based on the fact that => because, at the present time => now, the present study => this study, there were several students who completed => several students completed, despite the fact that => even though.
- Inner logic between sentences in a paragraph can be realized by either connecting words or starting new sentences by "this/these + summary word", e.g., this decrease/decision, these improvements/arguments.
A summary of linking words and phrases
- Addition: Furthermore, In addition (to), Moreover, What is more, (a problem the the solution, or claim) thereof, Not only... but also..., Gravitated to,
- Adversative: Although, Even though, However, Nevertheless, Whereas, Despite, In spite of, Err on the side of (caution/being overly inclusive), Nonetheless
- Causal: Because, Therefore, As a result, Consequently, Subsequently, Hence, Because of, Due to, As result of, Since, Thus, Map onto, For this reason,...
- Clarification: In other words, Put it another way, That is, Specifically, In specific, Particularly
- Compare: In contrast, On one hand ... on the othe hand, Conversely, Alternatively, Similarly, Unlike, Similar to, Consistent with, Like, In (much) the same way as, Equivalently, Be akin to
- Illustration: For example, For instance, be indicative of, rarely is this the case
- Summarizing: In a nutshell, Have posited, Express concern that, Conclude, Domonstrate, Mainly/Principaly
- Quantity: Increase fourfold, a pro rata share of
Useful academic level words
- Ancillary issue, side effect, double/two-edged sword
- Transparency, Transparent <-> Opaque
- Amorphousness
- Unscrupulous
- Drawdown
- Massage
- Detrimental Impact
- Domicile
- Bring ... to fruition
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